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Cancer as an Environmental Disease:Liver Cancer in Bangladesh
Although cancer is considered a common human genetic disease,there has been no significant evidence showing that it is caused by DNA mutations.DNA mutations as drivers or passengers associated with cancer development have been described in many reports.In addition,it has been shown that environmental factors can induce cancer,and thus,cancer can be considered an environmental disease.Liver cancer has become prevalent in Bangladesh,most l ikely due to environmental pollution as the groundwater is naturally contaminated with toxic levels of arsenic.The harm caused by contamination has not been l imited to l iver cancer,as other cancer types have been reported.Moreover,in worst-case scenarios,intake of arsenic has even caused death.As arsenic is usually found in groundwater worldwide,anyone can be affected.However,intake of only a tiny amount is not considered poisonous.Bangladesh has been greatly suffering from arsenic contamination,and as a result,toxicity and cancer have become prevalent.
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Acute andchronic cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone in NIH3T3cells
Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the acute and chronic cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ).Methods:NIH3T3 cells were exposed to 2,6-DCBQ for 3 and 72 h,and relative cell viability was calculated.NIH3T3 cells were treated with different concentrations of 2,6-DCBQ for 24 h.The solvent and positive controls were dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 0.5 μmol/L ethylmethylsulfone,respectively.The values of Olive tail moment were measured by comet assay.NIH3T3 cells were then simultaneously treated with 5 μg/mL cytochalasin B and different concentrations of 2,6-DCBQ.The solvent and positive controls were DMSO and 1 μmol/L mitomycin C,respectively.Micronucleus rates were calculated after 48 h.Results:The half lethal doses of 2,6-DCBQ in NIH3T3 cells were 64.93 μmol/L for 3 h and 13.46 μmol/L for 72 h.The values of Olive tail moment in the 7.5 and 10 μmol/L groups were significantly higher than those in the solvent control (P ＜0.05).Moreover,the micronucleus rates in the 10 and 15 μmol/L groups were significantly higher than those in the solvent control (P＜0.05).The results of comet assay and micronucleus test showed a dose-response relationship.Conclusion:2,6-DCBQ exhibited strong cytotoxicity and induced DNA and chromosomal damage in NIH3T3 cells.
