乌司他丁后处理及其联合预处理对体外循环下心脏瓣膜置换术患者心肌细胞凋亡的影响

Objective To evaluate the effects of ulinastatin postconditioning and combination of ulinastatin preconditioning and postconditioning on myocardial apoptosis in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methods Eighty New York Heart Association (NYHA) class Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients of both sexes,aged 21-59 years,scheduled for cardiac valve replacement with CPB,were randomly divided into four groups (n =20 each):normal saline control group (group C),ulinastatin preconditioning group (group U1),ulinastatin postconditioning group (group U2) and ulinastatin preconditioning plus postconditioning group (group U3).In group U1,uinastatin 20000 U/kg was infused via the central vein at 500-1000 U·kg-1 · min-1 after endotracheal intubation until 10 minutes before blocking the ascending aorta.In group U2,ulinastatin 10000 U/kg was infused via the aortic root at 4000-5000 U· kg-1 · min-1 at 5-7 minutes before opening the aorta.In group U3,ulinastatin preconditioning and postconditioning were performed as described in groups U1 and U2.In group C,the same volume of normal saline was infused instead of ulinastatin.Blood samples were taken from the radial artery at 10 minutes before blocking the ascending aorta,40 minutes after blocking the ascending aorta,45 minutes after opening the aorta and at the end of operation for determination of plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNF-R1).Myocardial tissues were obtained from the right atrial appendage at 45 minutes after opening the aorta for determination of the expression of TNF-α,bcl-2,bax,caspase-3,and apoptosis.The bcl-2/bax ratio and apoptotic index were calculated.Results Plasma concentrations of TNF-α and sTNF-R1 and the expression of TNF-α,bax,caspase-3 and apoptotic index were lower and the expression of bcl-2 and bcl-2/bax ratio were higher in groups U1,U2 and U3 than in group C and they were lower in group U3 than in groups U1 and U2 (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Ulinastatin postconditioning can inhibit myocardial apoptosis in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with CPB,and the efficacy of combination of ulinastatin preconditioning and postconditioning is stronger than that of ulinastatin postconditioning.The mechanism is involved in balancing the expression of bax and bcl-2 and down-regulating the expression of TNF-α and its receptor.

前胡甲素对缺血再灌注心肌NF-κB活性和TNF-α表达的影响

AIM: To study the effects of dl-praeruptorin A (Pd-Ia) on nucleus factor-κB (NF-κB) activativity and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) myocardium. METHODS: Langendorff's isolated rat heart was subjected to a 10-min ischemia followed by a 30-min reperfusion. NF-κB activity in nucleus was analyzed by Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). TNF-α level in cytoplasm was measured by radioimmunoassay. Infiltration of neutrophils was observed using Hematoxylin-Eosin staining under optical microscope. RESULTS: Pd-Ia 1.0 μmol/L with 30-min preventive perfusion decreased NF-κB activity from 0.98±0.13 to 0.65±0.17 (P＜0.05 vs solvent) and down-regulated TNF-α expression from 13.7±6.1 μg/L to 9.4±2.7 μg/L (P＜0.01 vs solvent) under conditions with increase of coronary flow, negative inotropic action,inhibition of creatine kinase and without chronotropic action, whereas, infiltration of neutrophils was mild.CONCLUSION: Pd-Ia inhibited NF-κB activativity in I/R myocardium and led to down-regulation of TNF-α expression, which might be one of molecular mechanisms of Pd-Ia in cardioprotection.

Objective The coronary anatomic feature and development after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were studied.Mehtods 100 patients with AMI received urokinase and strepokinase. Coronary angiography (CAG) was performed at 90 minuts and again at 3 to 4 weeks.Results Successful thrombolysis occurred in 60 cases,but failed in 40. The ratio of reperfusion was 60％.CAG showed there were residual thrombi in 84 patients (84％) and complete coronary occlusion in 40(40％ ).Angiography at 3 to 4 weeks after thrombolysis showed the stenosis worsened in 8 patients and improved in 10.Conclusion AMI is caused by sudden coronary thrombotic occlusion and can be repeffused by using thrombolytic agent or mechanical methods. Thrombolytic agents usually can not resolve thrombi completely. So percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography (PTCA) is recommended as an important method to improve serious residual stenosis.

Objective Forty cases of IAMI were examined with coronary angiography in order to study the relationship of the vessels with the ECG of IAMI. Methods For coronary angiography Judkin' s method was used; IAMI was diagnosed by the 1979WHO's standard of ISHD and ECG was separately measured by two doctors. Results Most of IAMI with polybranch coronary or its collateral disease (32.5％and 42.5％ ) and only 10 cases (25％) with single branch coronary disease, whose ECGs were untypical.Conclusion IAMI with single-branch coronary disease might express as mild symptoms and have no typical ECG change. While typical ECG change emerges, the coronary artery always showed poly-branch disease or collateral branch obstruction and the disease would be advanced. It is important to pay more attention to the cases of IAMI without classic ECG change so as to give diagnosis and treatment them in time.

Objective To further improve the rate of reperfusion of infarction related artery in AMI, remove the stricture, rescue ischemic myocardiurn, protect cardiac function and ameliorate the longterm prognosis. Method Among 73 patients with AMI, 50 underwent direct PTCA, 15 immediate PTCA,8 rescue PTCA and 20 braces were implanted. Result The proportion of recanalization is 94.5％ (69/73) .The grade of blood flow (TIMI) improved to grade 3 in 20 patients with brace implantation, while 44 to grade 3 and 5 to grade 2 among 49 patients with simple PTCA. Residualstenosis in vessel was 1.8 ± 5.9(-10-10)％ in patients with brace implantation versus 15.4 ± 11. (0 -30)％ with simple PICA. The incidence of reperfusive cardiac arrythmia was 18.1％(10/62). There was mainly frequent ventricular premature beat and short paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, if left anterior decending branch was reopened,while bradycardia and atrial ventricular block usually occurred after right coronary reperfused. Conclusion Emergency PTCA and brace implantation can apparently improve the proportion of reperfusioa of IRA in AMI. It is necessary to popularize and apply these treatment in medical units with available conditions.

Heart rate variaty (HRV) of 85 cases with AMI was observed in the early phase after onset and rehabilitation phase at first month and sixth month, and was contrasted with six time threshold indices of 111 cases with coronary heart disease and that of 35 normal control. We found the HRV of AMI was apperantly lower in the acute phase than that of coronary heart disease and normal controls. HRV recovered gradually with inclining to be stable after half a year, but it was still lower than that of controls. Low HRV in early phase of AMI suggested the poor prognosis.

6 371 cases of acute myocardial infarction from 1984 to 1992 in Guangdong Province are reported in this article. The results show that the prevalence rate of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)has been increasing. The anterior walls are involved more often than the inferior ones are. The first symptom in 87.4％ of cases is pectoral pain. The most common complications are arrhythmia, heart failure and cardiac shock successively occurring in order. The mortality rate is 19.9％. The predominant causes of death is pump failure.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine if the ultrasonic integrated backscatter and echo intensity could be used in clinical diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Methods and Results Within 2 weeks after acute myocardial infarction, 35 patients underwent ultrasonic tissue characterization from the papillary short- axis view.The cyclic variation of integrated backscatter and echo intensity of three different myocardial regions perfused by left anterior descending coronary artery, left cir cumflex coronary and right coronary were measured .The value of cyclic variation of integrated backscatter and integrated backscatter and echo intensity ≤ half of the highest value of three different myocardial regions on a same view were define as the criteria for diag nosing acute myocardial infarction , and the results were compared with coronary angiography. The sensitivity of diagnosing acute myocardial infarction by both Ultrasonic tissue characterization with integrated backscatter and echo intensity were 91.43 % . The location of myocardial infarction detected by this technique corresponded with the damaged myocardial region determined by coronary angiography. Conclusions Ultrasonic tissue characterization with integrated backscatter and echo intensity could clinically be used as a noninvasive approach in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.

Background Myocardial blood flow(MBF) can be quantified with myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) during a venous in fusion of microbubble. A minimal MBF is required to maintain cell membrane integrity and myocardial viability in ischemic condition. Thus, we hypothesized that MCE could be used to assess myocardial viability by the determination of MBF. Methods and Results MCE was performed at 4 hours after ligation of proximal left anterior descending coronary artery in 7dogs with constant venous infusions of microbubbles.The video intensity versus pulsing interval plots derived from each myocardial pixel were fitted to an exponential function: y=A(1-e-βt), where y is Ⅵ at pulsing interval t, A reflects rnicrovascular cross- sectional area (or myocardial blood volume), and β reflects mean myocardial microbubble velocity. The product of A · β represents MBF. MBF was also obtained by radiolabeled microsphere method servered as reference.MBF derived by radiolabeled microsphere- method in the regions of normal, ischemia and infarction was 1.5±0.3, 0.7±0.3, 0.3±0.2mL·min-1· g-1respectively. The product of A · β obtained by MCE in those regions was 52. 46 ± 15.09, 24.36 ± 3.89, 3.74± ± 3.80 respectively. There was good correlation between normalized MBF and the normalized A · β (r =0. 81, P = 0. 001 ). Conclusions MCE has an ability to determine myocardial viability in myocardial in farction canine model.

Background Myocardial blood flow(MBF) can be quantified with myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) during a venous in fusion of microbubble. A minimal MBF is required to maintain cell membrane integrity and myocardial viability in ischemic condition. Thus, we hypothesized that MCE could be used to assess myocardial viability by the determination of MBF. Methods and Results MCE was performed at 4 hours after ligation of proximal left anterior descending coronary artery in 7dogs with constant venous infusions of microbubbles.The video intensity versus pulsing interval plots derived from each myocardial pixel were fitted to an exponential function: y=A(1-e-βt), where y is Ⅵ at pulsing interval t, A reflects rnicrovascular cross- sectional area (or myocardial blood volume), and β reflects mean myocardial microbubble velocity. The product of A · β represents MBF. MBF was also obtained by radiolabeled microsphere method servered as reference.MBF derived by radiolabeled microsphere- method in the regions of normal, ischemia and infarction was 1.5±0.3, 0.7±0.3, 0.3±0.2mL·min-1· g-1respectively. The product of A · β obtained by MCE in those regions was 52. 46 ± 15.09, 24.36 ± 3.89, 3.74± ± 3.80 respectively. There was good correlation between normalized MBF and the normalized A · β (r =0. 81, P = 0. 001 ). Conclusions MCE has an ability to determine myocardial viability in myocardial in farction canine model.

Background Myocardial blood flow(MBF) can be quantified with myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) during a venous in fusion of microbubble. A minimal MBF is required to maintain cell membrane integrity and myocardial viability in ischemic condition. Thus, we hypothesized that MCE could be used to assess myocardial viability by the determination of MBF. Methods and Results MCE was performed at 4 hours after ligation of proximal left anterior descending coronary artery in 7dogs with constant venous infusions of microbubbles.The video intensity versus pulsing interval plots derived from each myocardial pixel were fitted to an exponential function: y=A(1-e-βt), where y is Ⅵ at pulsing interval t, A reflects rnicrovascular cross- sectional area (or myocardial blood volume), and β reflects mean myocardial microbubble velocity. The product of A · β represents MBF. MBF was also obtained by radiolabeled microsphere method servered as reference.MBF derived by radiolabeled microsphere- method in the regions of normal, ischemia and infarction was 1.5±0.3, 0.7±0.3, 0.3±0.2mL·min-1· g-1respectively. The product of A · β obtained by MCE in those regions was 52. 46 ± 15.09, 24.36 ± 3.89, 3.74± ± 3.80 respectively. There was good correlation between normalized MBF and the normalized A · β (r =0. 81, P = 0. 001 ). Conclusions MCE has an ability to determine myocardial viability in myocardial in farction canine model.