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后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术的临床应用
目的 探讨后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术的可行性、安全性及临床疗效.方法 2003年3月～2008年2月行后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术52例.男29例,女23例.年龄24～78岁,平均年龄57岁.右侧27例,左侧25例.无痛性全程肉眼血尿8例,其余44例为超声体检发现.肿瘤的大小1.5cm×1.8cm～8.7cm×9.2cm,平均3.6cm×4.3cm.肿瘤位于肾上极19例,肾中部15例,肾下极18例.52例均行CT检查.19例行MRI检查.术前临床分期:T1NOM05例,T2NOM045例,T3aNOM0 2例.结果 52例均获成功,无中转开放手术患者,有13例腹膜破裂、有6例术后肩部隐痛、有4例切口皮下气肿,病人均在短期恢复.术后均无使用镇痛剂.手术时间90～230min,平均152min;出血量50～200ml,平均120ml;术后住院时间6～9天,平均7.5天.术后病理报告:肾透明细胞癌49例,囊性肾细胞癌2例,肾颗粒细胞癌1例.随访6～36个月,平均15个月,未见肿瘤复发.结论 后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术安全可行、疗效肯定.
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Advances in diagnosis and treatment strategies of thymic carcinoid
Thymic carcinoid is a rare neuroendocrine tumor with unclear risk factors and controversial classifications. Its clinical manifestations vary from asymptomatic to many nonspecific symp-toms, among which endocrine abnormality seems to be associated with poor prognosis. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of ACTH and prognosis could become a topic in the future. Image studies show no specificity both in CT and PET/CT, but are of great val-ue in clinical staging of thymic carcinoid. Ki67 has been found to be a powerful tool for grading neuroendocrine tumors and further studies should be made. The diagnosis of thymic carcinoid mainly depends on pathology and immunohistochemistry plays a key role in differential diagnosis at present. Radical resection is the first choice in treatment, and target therapy becomes possible with the development in molecular pathology. However, since the rarity of thymic carcinoid, there is no practical clinical staging or standard guideline to instruct clinical practice. Thus, support of Interna-tional Thymic Malignancy Interest Group ( ITMIG) seems to be of great significance in case collection and resource sharing of thymic diseases. In this paper, we are going to put forward a strategy a-vailable in clinical application for diagnoisis and treatment of thy-mic carcinoid by using a new clinical staging system.
