流行病学知识问答

A 嵌入式病例对照研究A99 什么是嵌入式病例对照研究?答: 嵌入式病例对照研究(nested case control study,NCCS)又被译做巢式病例对照研究,也称队列内病例对照研究(case control study within a cohort),是在全队列内套用病例对照设计.

PICU呼吸机相关气管支气管炎的对照研究

PICU呼吸机相关气管支气管炎的对照研究/A case control study on the impact of ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT ) in the pediatric intensive care unit.Wheeler DS, Whitt JD,Lake M,et al.Pediatr Crit Care Med,2015,16(6)：565-571.
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　　摘要
　　前言院内感染(hospital-acquired infections)增加PICU患儿发病率、病死率及医疗费用。研究所在PICU自2005年起实施针对呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator-associated pneu-monia,VAP)的质量改进(quality improvement)方案,发现VAP几近消失,而呼吸机相关气管支气管炎(ventilator-as-sociated tracheobronchitis,VAT)发病率上升,VAT 对危重患儿的影响尚无研究报告。

Some published evidence has revealed that the dendritic cells can interact with pathogens that exist in the inner foreskin. This information provides a new vision that pathogens could play a role through the redundant prepuce; numerous studies have failed to ifnd pathogens in prostates of patients who had chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome(CP/CPPS). However, no studies have reported an association between foreskin length and CP/CPPS. Hence, we conducted a retrospective case?control study of clinical data from 322 CP/CPPS patients(case group) and 341 nonCP/CPPS patients(control group). Demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and foreskin lengths were collected and analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was adopted to calculate the odds of foreskin length for CP/CPPS. According to the multivariate logistic regression results, when the foreskin length covered up more than half of the glans penis, the odds for CP/CPPS were higher with an increased foreskin(odds ratio(OR): 1.66, 95% conifdence interval(CI): 1.04–2.66). In comparison, when the glans penis was completely covered by the foreskin, the OR value increased to 1.86(95% CI, 1.2–2.88). The study results showed an association between foreskin length and the odds of CP/CPPS. When the foreskin length covered up more than half of the glans penis, there were greater odds for CP/CPPS. This possible mechanism might result from interaction between pathogens and DCs in the inner foreskin, consequently activating T?cells to mediate allergic inlfammation in the prostate and producing the autoimmunizations causing CP/CPPS.