The role of estrogen in the development of colorectal cancer

Cancer is a major public health problem in the world.With the progress of medical technology,mean 5-year survival rates of colorectal cancer (CRC)have doubled over the past 40 years[1].However,in 2013,the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)released data on cancer incidence,mortality and prevalence worldwide.

BACKGROUND:Corneal lymphangiogenesis is beneficial to the transport of corneal antigenic materials, and accelerates the process of antigen presentation, thereby playing an important role in corneal immunity. However, due to the paral el outgrowth of corneal blood and lymphatic vessels in transplanted corneas, it is often difficult to accurately evaluate the role of corneal lymphatic vessels in allograft rejection. OBJECTIVE:To explore the development of corneal lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in transplanted rat corneas after the blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). METHODS:130 rats used to establish corneal al ogenic transplantation models were equally randomized into two groups:the anti-VEGF-C group and the control group. VEGF-C was blocked in the anti-VEGF-C group by intraperitoneal injection of neutralizing monoclonal anti-VEGF-C antibody every other day for 2 consecutive weeks. Meanwhile, rats in control groups received intraperitoneal injections of saline. Corneal angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis were characterized using whole mount immunofluorescence, and the immune rejection of the grafts was evaluated by scoring the rejection index (RI). In addition, the expression of VEGF-C was examined by real-time PCR. The relationship of corneal lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis to RI in transplanted corneas was also characterized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:VEGF-C expression was markedly downregulated after VEGF-C blockade. Corneal lymphangiogenesis developed in parallel with corneal angiogenesis in the control group. While there was a mild reduction in blood vessel area (BVA) and a significant decrease in lymphatic vessel area (LVA) in the anti-VEGF-C group (P<0.05). In addition, RI was positively correlated with BVA (P<0.05) and LVA (P<0.05) in the control group. However, although RI was significantly correlated with BVA (P<0.05) in the anti-VEGF-C group, the correlation between RI and LVA was not statistically significant (P>0.05). the graft survival time in the anti-VEGF-C group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group (P<0.05). Our results show that the outgrowth of lymphatic vessels is separated from that of blood vessels in transplanted corneas by blocking VEGF-C. The blockade of VEGF-C has a significant role in preventing corneal lymphangiogenesis in corneal beds, which results in higher al ograft survival rates.

1 SummaryThe 5-year-survival rates of surgically treated patients are varying and depend on UICC stages/substages with remarkable variations in between published reports, surgical hospital units, individual surgeons, and continents. These variations may be due to surgical techniques, training status, hospital and individual case volume, but also on referral patterns, and statistical evaluation methods. Survival time and cure rates are significantly improved by modern adjuvant chemotherapy in colon cancers UICC Ⅲ and in substages of UICC Ⅱ (e.g. UICC Ⅱ B) by 5%-16%, and adjuvant radiochemotherapy in rectal cancer by 10%-14% when compared to surgical controls. In three modern colon cancer trials standard adjuvant chemotherapy was further improved by increasing the survival rates, e.g. from 59% to 71% in stage Ⅲ and IIB patients. In rectal cancer neoadjuvant radio(chemo)therapy decreases local relapse rates vs. postoperative adjuvant radio(chemo)therapy. Since surgery in rectal cancer has also been significantly improved by total mesorectal excision (TME) and better surgical training, the indications and methods for multimodal therapy have changed from UICC Ⅱ+Ⅲ to more individual criteria. Molecular and genetic factors, such as thymidylate synthase (TS), microsatellite instability (MSI) or loss of chromosome 18q/DCC might have an independent impact on prognosis in the spontaneous course, but could also help to individually select colon and rectal cancer patients and treatment protocols for multimodal therapy. Thus, surgery and multimodal therapy has become very complex, needs regularly be updated in competent reviews, and should be conducted in specialized centers of multi-and interdisciplinary excellence.

Objective:To evaluate the feasibility, safety and the clinical outcomes of the robotic distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and follow-up data of 113 cases underwent robotic distal gastrectomy from March 2010 to July 2013.Results:Compared with laparoscopic group, the robotic group had less intraoperative blood loss, more lymph nodes dissection (P<0.05). hTere was no signiifcant difference in the incidence of postoperative complications and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio between the two groups. hTe follow-up data showed that the 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rates were 91.7%, 77.4% and 72.9% in robotic group while they were 91.2%, 76.2% and 70.4% in laparoscopic group ,and the difference was not significant. Conclusion:Robotic distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer is safe and effective, and it has less harm to the patients, with less intraoperative blood loss, more lymph nodes dissection and quicker postoperative recover than laparoscopic surgery, so it is worthy of popularization and application.