Purpose:.To understand the growth model of axial length (AL) and height, and to explore the relationship between the two with the passage of time. Methods:.We followed twins in the Guangzhou Twin Eye Study for five years..The AL of both eyes was measured by partial coherence interferometry, and height was measured by a standard scale during each visit..A multivariate multilevel mixed model was adopted for data analysis. Results:.A total of 1217 children were included in the study. Both AL and height increased, but the rate of growth slowed down with age..The mitigation rate of height growth was -0.34 cm/year;.while that of AL growth was -0.01 mm/year. AL was positively related to height,.with a relevant coefficient of R=0.22 (Cov [height intercept, AL intercept] =1.56, 95%CI=1.14 to 1.99). The growth rates of AL and height were al-so positively related, with a relevant coefficient of R=0.18 (Cov [height slope, AL slope] =0.03, 95%CI=0.01 to 0.05). However, taller children had slower rates of height increases, with a relevant coefficient of R=-0.12 (Cov[height intercept, height slope]=-1.33,95%CI=-2.25 to-0.42); but had faster AL growth,.with a relevant coefficient of R=(Cov [height intercept, AL slope] =0.02, 95%CI=-0.05 to 0.08, R=0.02). AL and its growth rate were positively related to each other, with a relevant coefficient of R=(Cov [AL intercept,.AL slope]=0.04, 95%CI=0.03 to 0.05, R=0.3); while the growth rates of AL and height were negatively related to each other, with a relevant coefficient of R=(Cov[AL intercept, height slope]=--0.03 95%CI=-0.16 to 0.1, R=-0.02). Conclusion:.The increase in children's AL is relevant to their height increases..The faster their height increases,.the faster their AL increases.

Purpose: To compare vision quality following phacoemulsifi-cation cataract extraction and implantation of a Big Bag or Akreos Adapt intraocular lens (IOL) in patients diagnosed with high myopia complicated with cataract. Methods:.This was a randomized prospective control study. The patients with high myopia complicated with cataract , with axial length ≥28 mm,.and corneal astigmatism ≤1D were enrolled and randomly divided into the Big Bag and Akreos Adapt IOL groups. All patients underwent phacoemulsification cataract extraction and lens implantation..At 3 months after surgery,.intraocular high-order aberration was measured by a Tracey-iTrace wavefront aberrometer at a pupil diameter of 5 mm in an absolutely dark room and statistically compared be-tween two groups. The images of the anterior segment of eyes were photographed with a Scheimpflug camera using Penta-cam three-dimensional anterior segment analyzer..The tilt and decentration of the IOL were calculated by Image-pro plus 6.0 imaging analysis software and statistically compared between two groups. Results:.In total,.127 patients (127 eyes),..including 52 males and 75 females, were enrolled in this study. The total high-or-der aberration and coma in the Akreos Adapt group (59 eyes) were significantly higher compared with those in the Big Bag (P<0.05)..The clover and spherical aberration did not differ between the two groups (P>0.05). The horizontal and vertical decentration were significantly smaller in the Big Bag lens group than in the Akreos Adapt group (both P<0.05), where-as the tilt of IOL did not significantly differ between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion:.Both Big Bag and Akreos Adapt IOLs possess relatively good intraocular stability implanted in patients with high myopia. Compared with the Akreos Adapt IOL, the Big Bag IOL presents with smaller intraocular high-order aberra-tion. Coma is the major difference between the two groups.

Purpose:.To analyze clinical features and main causes of multiple sclerosis-related optic neuritis (MS-ON), providing evidence for the differential diagnosis of MS-ON. Methods: Clinical data were collected from 527 patients, 123 males and 404 females, diagnosed with MS-ON between June 2008 and June 2013. Visual acuity, optometry, visual field, slit-lamp microscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy (20D), opti-cal coherence tomography (OCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed. Venous blood was sampled for detection of autoimmune antibodies and Aquaporin (AQP-4). Results:.Fifty nine cases were diagnosed with neuromyelitis optica-related optic neuritis. (NMO-ON),.27 Sjogren's syn-drome-related optic neuropathy,.22 tumors,.21 anterior is-chemic optic neuropathy, 15 radiation-induced optic neuropa-thy, 14 optic neuropathy-related infection, 17 genetic eye dis-eases and 10 open angle glaucoma. Among168 MS-ON pa-tients undergoing optic nerve MRI,90 cases (53.57%) had a lesion < 15 mm in size, 15-30 mm in 76 (45.24%) and > 30 mm in two (1.19%). Conclusion:.MS-ON is more commonly misdiagnosed with NMO-ON and Sjogren's syndrome, when compared to optic neuropathy, tumors and ischemic optic neuropathy.

Purpose:To investigate the efficacy of a soft bandage contact lens in the management of early bleb leak following tra-beculectomy. Methods: Between October 2011 and April 2013, 11 patients with early bleb leak following fornix-based trabeculectomy were instructed to wear a soft bandage contact lens 14 mm in diameter continuously for 1-2 weeks. The daily visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), anterior chamber situation, and healing condition were measured at 1, 3, and 7 d, after con tact lens removal,.and 3 months after trabeculectomy..The con-ditions of blebs,.sensation of wearing contact lens,.and ad-verse events were recorded. Results:.Bleb leaks were observed at 2-8 d after surgery, (4.09±1.10 d on average). The daily LogMAR visual acuity did not significantly differ before and after contact lens wear (P>0.05). The IOP was significantly raised after at 1, 3, and 7 d after lens wear. (all P<0.05).The IOP at 3 months after lens wear did not significantly differ from that measured at lens removal (t=1.191, P=0.089). At 1 d after lens wear, 6 cases had deeper anterior chambers..All patients presented with a significantly deepened anterior chamber at 3 d after lens wear,.and were restored to the preoperative conditions..The bleb leakage was successfully treated at 7 d after lens removal in 10 patients, while 1 patient had to wear the contact lens for another 7 d for full healing of the bleb leak. No ocular infec-tion was noted throughout the management. Conclusion: A soft bandage contact lens of 14 mm diameter is a safe and efficacious therapy for an early bleb leak fol-lowing fornix-based trabeculectomy.

Purpose:.Glaucoma is an eye disease that can lead to irre-versible optic nerve damage and cause blindness. Optical co-herence tomography.(OCT) allows an early diagnosis of glau-coma by the measurements of the retinal nerve fiber and optic disc parameters.A retrospective study was designed to analyze the effects of the measurement of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and the optic disc tomography by spectral-domain OCT on the early diagnosis of suspected glaucoma and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods:.This was a clinical case-control study. The RNFL thickness around the optic disc and optic disk tomographic pa-rameters of the control (n=51, 98 eyes), suspected glaucoma (n=81,.146 eyes), and POAG groups (n=55, 106 eyes) were measured by OCT. The parameters included superior, inferi-or, nasal and temporal mean RNFL thickness,.disc area (DA), cup area (CA), rim area (RA), disc volume (DV), cup volume (CV), rim volume (RV), cup/disc area ratio (CA/DA), rim/disc area ratio (RA/DA), cup/disc volume ratio (CV/DV) and rim/disc volume ratio (RV/DV). Results: Superior, nasal, and mean RNFL parameters, DA, CA,RA, DV, CV, CA/DA, RA/DA, CV/DV and RV/DV significantly differed among three groups by single-factorial ANOVA. Inferior and temporal RNFL thickness significantly differed between the control and POAG groups. No significant difference was observed in RV among three groups. In the POAG group,.the maximum area under the ROC curve (AROC) of mean RNFL thickness was 0.845. The maximum AROC of optic disk parameters was RA/DA (0.998), followed by CA/DA (0.997). The AROC of CA, RA, CV, and DV were all>0.900. Conclusion:.OCT may serve as a useful diagnostic modality in distinguishing suspected glaucoma from POAG.

Purpose:.To evaluate the surgical effect of levator muscle shortening and levator aponeurosis tucking in treating minimal and moderate congenital blepharoptosis. Methods:.Clinical data of 28 patients (40 eyes) diagnosed with mide and moderate congenital blepharoptosis at our institution were retrospectively analyzed. Postoperative efficacy was eval-uated and statistically compared between these two techniques. Results:.During 14 months follow-up,.16 eyes with ptosis un-dergoing levator muscle shortening were treated,.3 with un-dercorrection of ptosis and 1 with overcorrection of ptosis.In patients receiving levator aponeurosis tucking,.16 eyes were cured and 4 with undercorrection of ptosis. Conclusion:.Both levator muscle shortening and levator aponeurosis tucking are safe and efficacious for correcting minimal and moderate congenital blepharoptosis.

Purpose:.Cholesterol granuloma is usually associated with chronic middle ear disease..Involvement of the ethmoid sinus by cholesterol granuloma is rare..We describe a case with cholesterol granuloma of the posterior ethmoid sinus causing optic nerve compression..No previous reports were found in our review of the literature. Case report:.A 48-year-old man had impaired visual acuity and a relative afferent pupillary defect in the right eye. Fundus fluorescein angiography showed a swollen optic nerve head and optic disc leakage. Automated perimetry revealed a severe peripheral visual field defect with tunnel vision. Computerized tomography demonstrated an expansile,.isodense mass in the right posterior ethmoid sinus, remodeling of the bony walls of the right sphenoid sinus, and lateral displacement of the optic nerve in the right orbit..Compressive optic neuropathy caused by posterior ethmoid sinus lesion was diagnosed..A transnasal endoscopic exploration of the right ethmoid sinuses demon-strated a soft expansile cystic lesion with a thick yellow cap sule that filled the inside of the posterior ethmoid sinus. Brownish fluid with shiny crystals was drained by fine needle aspiration. The capsule was removed completely, and the mu-cociliary clearance of the sinus was reestablished..The patho-logic pictures confirmed the diagnosis of cholesterol granulo-ma, which included typical cholesterol clefts surrounded by inflammatory cells with focal multi-nucleated giant cells. Visu-al function fully recovered without recurrent lesions after a three-year follow-up. Conclusion:.Compressive optic neuropathy can be rarely caused by cholesterol granuloma in the posterior ethmoid si-nus. The visual prognosis may be good after transnasal endo-scopic decompression in such patients.

Purpose:To explore the nursing care following surgical treat-ment of fungal endophthalmitis in children. Methods:Thirty two children (32 eyes) with fungal endoph-thalmitis were enrolled in this study. After receiving antifungal medication,.the children underwent either intravitreal injec-tion,.intravitreal injection of medicine combined with vitrecto-my,.or intravitreal injection in combination with vitrectomy and intraocular C3F8 tamponade. Prior to surgery, psycholog-ical and quarantine nursing,.and medication use was properly prepared..After the surgery,.the changes in the severity of diseases were strictly observed..A suitable body posture was selected and the eyes were protected from infection. Results:.Among 32 patients with fungal endophthalmitis,.8 (25%).cases presented with alleviated inflammation and no changes in visual acuity. The visual acuity of 18 cases (56.25%). was improved to different extents postoperatively. The inflam-mation in 6 children (18.75%) was properly controlled and the visual acuity declined. No cross-infection was noted in any pa-tient. Conclusion: Prior to surgery, quarantine nursing and drug administration should be properly prepared. Postoperatively, the changes in the severity of diseases should be tightly moni-tored. The patients should be treated with effective therapies in a proper position,.aiming to enhance the surgical efficacy.

The femtosecond laser has a number of advantages,.such as short pulse time,.high instantaneous power,.high repetition rate, low monopulse energy, and small thermal effect. Fem-tosecond laser-assisted small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) is becoming the new direction in refractive surgery, and the ocular surface changes after SMILE are attracting in-creasingly more attention. This article reviews adverse effects, including dry eye, injury of corneal nerves, and ocular sur-face inflammation,.occurring after SMILE.

Congenital cataract is a common cause of childhood low vi-sion or blindness worldwide..Early surgery should be per-formed in sensitive vision development period to avoid vision deprivation in cases of strabismus and nystagmus develop-ment. Postoperative recovery of visual function is of great sig-nificance for these patients and should include proper postop-erative aphakia correction by the application of a contact lens and secondary implantation of an intraocular lens (IOL). Pa-tients should receive amblyopic training after surgery to im-prove their postoperative visual acuity..Although recent ad-vances in surgery techniques and materials have brought better postoperative visual acuity and less complications , a few post-operative complications can still hamper vision condition and vision development,.including posterior capsule opacification and secondary glaucoma. Surgery in early infancy are risk fac-tors for these two complications..Life-long follow-up is essen-tial for these patients..Further study will continue to address the surgery timing issue and methods that prevent postopera-tive complications.