首页 > 文献资料
-
体位对颅脑损伤患者颅内压、脑灌注压的影响
颅内压(ICP)增高是一个复杂的病理生理过程,是重型颅脑损伤的主要并发症。颅内高压如不能及早发现并解除,可引起脑代谢障碍、脑灌注压下降和脑疝形成等严重后果,难以控制的颅内高压病死率达到92%~100%[1-2]。目前脑室内放置 ICP 监测管是临床上常用的方法,被称为ICP 监测的“金标准”[3-4]。颅脑损伤后脑水肿早期,通过实时监测患者的颅内压(ICP)及脑灌注压(CPP)等重要指标,可保证脑组织有足够的血液供应,从而确保脑组织的氧供和糖分需要[5]。研究认为临床护理可影响这些指标的变化,其中患者的体位维持尤为重要[6]。本组选择了复旦大学附属华山医院神经外科急救中心2015年5月至12月期间收治的51例重型颅脑损伤行脑室内 ICP 监测的患者,分别观察其头轴位平卧、头偏位平卧、头轴位床头抬高30°、头偏位床头抬高30°对患者 ICP、CPP 的影响。现报道如下。
-
深低温停循环DeBakeyⅠ型主动脉夹层手术患者麻醉期间中枢神经功能的调控
目前涉及主动脉弓及降主动脉的主动脉夹层或主动脉瘤的手术(DeBakeyⅠ型手术居多)需要在深低温停循环(deep hypothermic circulatory arrest,DHCA)下完成.虽然DHCA为手术提供了一个无血视野,但当停循环时间延长时,其安全时限受限至30~40 min,超过此时限,易引起严重的并发症,其中以中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)损害为棘手.虽然主动脉阻断手术期间有很多防治CNS损害的措施,例如全身麻醉DHCA技术、顺行脑灌注(antegrade cerebral perfusion,ACP)、逆行脑灌注(retrograde cerebral perfusion,RCP)和运用辅助药物保护CNS功能等,但是主动脉阻断麻醉期间CNS损害仍有一定比例的发生[1-2].
-
10岁以下患儿主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形的一期矫治
目的:探讨采用经胸骨正中切口一期矫治主动脉缩窄(Coarctation of the Aorta,CoA)合并心内畸形的治疗效果。
方法:2007年3月至2012年3月,在深低温停循环(Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest,DHCA)选择性脑灌注(Selective Cerebral Perfusion, SCP)下经胸骨正中切口采用扩大端端吻合技术(Extended end-to-end anastomosis, EEEA)行一期矫治主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形患儿16例。其中男性6例,女性10例;年龄11个月~10岁,平均(56.30±41.31)个月;体重6.0~26 kg,平均(14.04±6.30) kg。16例患儿CoA均为导管前型,合并弓发育不良8例,合并升主动脉发育不良1例;经多层螺旋CT(Multislice spiral CT,msCT)测量缩窄段内径约为0.2~0.6 cm、平均(0.46±0.15)cm,缩窄段内径占升主动脉比例约为0.21~0.43、平均(0.30±0.07),缩窄段长度约为1.1~2.8 cm、平均(1.7±0.53)cm;同时合并室间隔缺损和动脉导管未闭14例,只合并动脉导管未闭2例。 -
创伤性脑损伤后理想的脑灌注压阈值
[编者按]<神经外科焦点>(Neurosurgical Focus)是由美国神经外科医师协会(American Association ofNeurological Surgeons,AANS)创办的第1部电子版神经外科专业期刊,创刊于1996年7月,以月刊形式发行.
-
盐酸纳络酮对急性脑梗死后神经功能所损的改善作用
Background:Naloxone hydrochloride injection produced by Guang dong Kangli Company was applied to treat acute infarction,which acheived markedly effect.It was found recently,when cerebral ischemia and infarction,hypothalamus arcuate nuclei release much β -endorphin,which inhibited neuron activity and made secondary lesion of CNS heavier.Further lead to disturbance of limb,mentality change even coma.Naloxone might resist blood flow decrease caused by β -endorphin,enhance oxgen supply of brain tissue,lighten lesion of cerebral perfusion.
-
选择性脑灌注技术综述
选择性脑灌注(selective cerebral perfusion,SCP)技术在 1956年由Cooley等首次报道,1970年Asaro等[1]报道临床应用,并证实术后无CNS并发病发生.
-
脑选择性深低温研究进展
早在2 500 年前,埃及人就已知冷敷可以减轻炎症.1961年美国的一名神经外科医师发明了一个冷冻外科装置,这成为低温外科的里程碑.目前神经外科临床上广泛将亚低温(28 ℃~35 ℃)应用于颅脑损伤预防缺血缺氧性脑损伤,其疗效得到公认.20世纪90年代以来,美国、日本和中国逐渐将脑选择性深低温(selective cerebral deep hypothermia,SCDP)的研究列为重点项目并取得阶段性成果.实现脑选择性低温的方法有两种:顺行性脑灌注(antegrade cerebral perfusion,ACP)和逆行性脑灌注(retrograde cerebral perfusion,RCP).
-
重型颅脑损伤患者持续颅内压和脑灌注压监护的临床意义
颅内压(ICP)是指颅腔内容物对颅腔壁所产生的压力,常以侧卧位测量的脑室内压力值表示,正常为0.67~2.00 kPa(1 kPa=7.5 mm Hg),如压力>2.01 kPa即属于ICP增高.ICP轻度增高为2.01~2.66 kPa,中度增高为2.67~5.32 kPa,重度增高则>5.33 kPa.重型颅脑损伤患者的ICP增高发生率约占40%~82%,它是引起脑灌注压(CPP)降低、脑血流量(CBF)减少的主要原因, 并因此导致中枢神经系统功能障碍或死亡.因此,及时了解伤后ICP和CPP的变化十分重要.近年来,由于ICP监护仪和多功能心电监护仪的广泛应用,为ICP和CPP的持续监护提供了条件.现简述该项研究的概况及其临床意义.
-
Objective: To investigate the value of transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography in evaluating the outcome of severe traumatic brain injury and to correlate the TCD values with intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) monitoring. Methods: A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the contribution of TCD ultrasonography to neurological outcome in a series of 96 severe traumatic brain injury patients. The quantitative variables of TCD ultrasonography included the mean blood flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and pulsatility index within the first 24 hours of admission. The ICP and CPP values were also recorded. Outcome in 6 months postinjury was evaluated using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS 4-5 was considered as “good” and GOS 1-3 as “poor”). Results: The mean blood flow velocity of the MCA was larger than 40 cm/s in 30 (51%) patients with good outcome whereas it was less than 40 cm/s in 27 (73%) patients with poor outcome (P<0.025). The mean PI in cases of good outcome (34 patients, 57%) was lower than 1.5 whereas in poor outcome (30 patients, 83%) was higher than 1.5 (P<0.001). The correlations of ICP and CPP to pulsatility index were statistically significant (P<0.01). Conclusions: TCD ultrasonography is valid in predicting the patients outcome of 6 months and correlates significantly with ICP and CPP values when it is performed in the first 24 hours of severe traumatic brain injury.